Archive for the ‘Tales from the Trenches’ Category

Miracle Saves–Not Always

Monday, October 26th, 2009

Television is great for making doctors heroes. Despite personal weaknesses, the physicians of Gray’s Anatomy, House, and ER manage to save patients from health disaster, demonstrating clinical brilliance and extraordinary skill. But life as a doctor isn’t really like television, and in spite of remarkable advances in medicine, we can’t save patients all of the time.  This was made abundantly clear to me the other night.

I was carrying the ”float” beeper, which just means that I was the anesthesiologist charged with managing the OR that night. When the pager went off, I was standing by in one of the ORs while a nurse anesthetist woke a very sick man from anesthesia. The pager readout was worrisome: code blue in the pediatric intensive care unit. “I’ve gotta go,” I told the nurse anesthetist, ”I’ll find someone else to standby in my place.”

But I didn’t really know who was available. I was moving fast, grabbing the anesthesia “crash” box out of the workroom and heading to the Pedi ICU. I called the one person I knew who had a spectralink phone like me, got her to go help the nurse anesthetist, and then barged through the door of the ICU.

You can always tell where the code blue is by the crowd of people standing around. There is a general sense of chaos, as quick diagnoses are being made  and management plans are formulated. But this wasn’t an ordinary code blue. This was a teenage girl, and her face and body were so bloodied that she looked like the victim in a horror movie. Bright red blood stained her gown, the bed, and even the anesthesiologist who had beaten me to the scene and was trying desperately to put a breathing tube in. One of the pediatric residents pumped on her chest, kneeling on the bed beside her.

This, I knew instantly, was very bad. “What happened?” I asked one of the crowd of doctors. “Fungal pneumonia, started bleeding out of her mouth twenty minutes ago,”  he answered as took his turn performing CPR.

From the head of the bed, my colleague reported grimly that he couldn’t see anything as he tried to reposition the lighted laryngoscope in the girl’s mouth. I called for suction, knowing that as long as the girl’s mouth was filled with blood, my colleague would never be able to see where to put the breathing tube. And of course, there was so much blood that the first suction unit went down and we were forced to set up a second. Meanwhile precious seconds ticked away, and beneath the red of her blood I could see the ghastly blue of her skin.

Everyone was shouting, trying to make their voices heard above the din. A sense of desperation filled the room as first the pediatric surgeon, then the cardiac surgeons, and finally the vascular surgeons showed up. My colleague managed to get the breathing tube in, but blood welled up in the tubing making ventilation a futile effort. It seemed impossible that a person could bleed so much.

It was obvious that we couldn’t stop the bleeding in the pediatric ICU, so we raced her down to the cardiac OR, a resident kneeling at her side performing CPR as we rolled her down the hallway. I’m glad I didn’t see that. It would have scared any bystander to death to see that bloodied girl with the doctor pounding on her chest.

The girl died on the table. The surgeons opened her chest only to find that the girl’s pneumonia had invaded her pulmonary artery, one of the main vessels exiting the heart. Her heart chambers were empty. She had bled to death before our eyes.

We see death in the hospital. It’s part of being a doctor. But there is something particularly awful about a child’s death, and particularly one so rapid and grisly. It cast a pall over the OR that lasted through the night. In the morning, one of the nurses asked me if it had been swine flu. Surprised, I answered no. It was fungal pneumonia.

But I was wrong. The girl had come in with swine flu, I learned later, and developed the fungal pneumonia as a complication. In the fury to save the girl, none of us had worn proper protective gear.

Now we wait out the incubation period again.

Swine Flu and Phew!

Sunday, October 4th, 2009
The Infamous PAPR
The Infamous PAPR

You may be wondering what a picture like this is doing in a healthy lifestyles blog, but if you read my earlier post “Tales From the Trenches,” you know that health is often as much a consequence of luck as it is of good behavior and genetic good fortune. And let me tell you, I feel lucky!

 Swine Flu is sweeping through the nation, and as an anesthesiologist I see the sickest of the sick– the patients who get the flu so bad that they wind up on a ventilator and often die. What’s most appalling is the age of our patients. These patients are young, in their 30s and 40s, and sometimes they have nothing wrong with them except the flu. But it’s enough.  These people are terribly sick.

I get called to put the breathing tube in before the patient is placed on the ventilator. It’s one of the most dangerous jobs in Swine Flu care, because our faces are very close to the patients’ faces. All of the respiratory germs get almost direct access to us. That’s why we wear the PAPR.
 
PAPR stands for Powered Air Purifying Respirator, which is the safety device you see in the picture above.  The respirator basically sucks up contaminated air, purifies it through a HEPA filter, and then blows the purified air around your face. It’s our safest protective equipment for dealing with Swine Flu. But a PAPR is only as good as its battery, and mine failed me a week ago as I was slipping a breathing tube in a desperately ill 33-year old man. The head covering suddenly felt warm inside, the face shield fogged with my breath, and the soft blowing sensation stilled. I looked down at the power generator on my hip in shock, pushed at the power button twice, heard nothing except the pounding of my heart. I couldn’t run for cover. My patient was suspended in the dangerous zone between anesthesia-induced unconsciousness and rescue in the form of a ventilator and 100% oxygen. I placed the breathing tube, confirmed it was in the windpipe and not in the esophagus, and handed over care to the respiratory technician.
 
I walked out of the room in disbelief, dropped the PAPR on a chair, and said quietly to the nurse, “You’ve got to charge those things.” There was no use yelling. The exposure had already occurred. I went home to wait out the incubation period.
 
Seven days have passed, and I still feel well. I am lucky. The 33-year old patient isn’t so lucky. He’s still on the ventilator waiting for his lungs to recover enough so that he can breathe on his own.

Tales from the Trenches

Monday, September 21st, 2009

The Gold Oak Ranch blog is a forum to discuss healthy lifestyles, good food, and the occasional good book, but I thought I’d take a detour today on the matter of health. As a practicing anesthesiologist, I see the value of good health every day I work. Healthier patients have better outcomes after surgery. Patients with good health tolerate anesthesia a whole lot easier.

But good health is not only the product of fortunate genetics and a prudent lifestyle. Good health is also good luck, and in the case of my patient a few weeks ago, bad luck struck in a flash of electricity, ruining the future of a 17-year old boy, and leaving myself and the health care team tasked with putting him back together again with the powerful feeling of the fragility of life and how lucky we are to escape disaster every day.

I’ll call him Justin, although that’s not his real name. I got a call about Justin the night before his operation, which means that the anesthesia scheduler was worried enough that he thought advanced notice was necessary. And it was. Justin had been in the hospital for more than two months when I met him. And like most of the critically ill, he had experienced at least one complication: infection. You can’t lie in a germ-filled hospital building for two months without catching something. And Justin had done just that, which necessitated the 9 hour operation we were about to undertake.

Before the accident, Justin had been like any other 17-year old boy. Not the best student, but certainly not the worst. He came from a good family who cared about him. What he did have was incredibly bad luck. He and his friends had built a bonfire, which had ignited a nearby tree. Your instincts might cry: forest fire! But it wasn’t that. The tree burned only enough to fall over, catching a nearby power line which sent a bolt of electricity through Justin.

Justin’s head was burned all the way through his skull to the tough covering of the brain called the dura. Later, during the operation, the pediatric neurosurgeon pointed out the scar on the dura where electricity entered Justin’s brain and spread though his body, exploding out one arm and through a foot.   Terribly burned and unconscious, Justin spent his initial weeks in the County’s burn unit, where doctors and nurses struggled to save his life and prevent all the complications to which burn patients are so spectacularly vulnerable. Justin lived but he didn’t escape infection. The bone graft that the doctors had used to cover Justin’s brain became infected and now needed to come out.

One of the toughest aspects of providing anesthesia for burn victims is finding IV access. Burned skin is unsuitable for venipuncture, and the unburned portions of limbs have been poked for blood and IVs so many times that there isn’t a decent vein left. When Justin came to us, he only had a tiny IV normally used in toddlers.  After struggling for fifteen minutes to put in a larger, more appropriate IV, I finally asked the surgeon to put in a central line, an enormous IV that travels beneath the collarbone through the big internal veins of the upper chest.  Central lines have their own set of risks, but later, when things went to hell during the case, I thanked the Lord that I had insisted on it.

The surgeons had decided to put a muscle flap over the boy’s open head wound. They told me that to put in another bone graft would be to condemn the graft to infection. A muscle flap, because it has a better blood supply, would be more resistant to reinfection. The surgeons decided to use the latissimus dorsi muscle, the chest wall muscle most associated with the V-shape of a swimmer’s back. Flap surgery is long and delicate. Particular care must be taken to maintain the vascular supply to the flap and then to connect that vascular supply to the blood vessels serving the opertive site. Surgeons get particularly testy about patients’ blood pressure and medications that alter blood pressure, believing that some of those medications threaten the flap’s viability. And Justin, with his big hole in his head, really needed that muscle flap to work.

It was this concern for maximizing blood flow to Justin’s new flap that lead the surgeon to order dextran 40, a type of IV fluid that supposedly improves blood flow. The only problem is that dextran 40 has been associated with rare cases of anaphylaxis, and Justin, who had been unlucky enough to be electrocuted, was also unlucky enough to be one of those rare cases. In horror I watched as his blood pressure plummeted. Recognizing immediately that something dreadful was happening, I called for backup, knowing that anaphylaxis can kill a patient quickly. I was determined that Justin not die. He had been so unlucky, and now he was unlucky again!

My colleague walked through the door, took one look at Justin’s 37/12 blood pressure and cried, “This is for real!” Together we engaged in what we called ‘full chemical warfare’, pushing drug and after drug into Justin to bring back his blood pressure and stop the catastrophe that the dextran had triggered. The surgeons didn’t complain. They sewed furiously, trying to close the boy’s head wound, so that if we needed to put him on his back to start CPR, we could do so.

In the end, Justin stabilized. After nine hours of surgery, we brought him back to the pediatric ICU where his anxious family and friends waited. Exhausted, the surgeons and I returned to the OR to finish tying up loose ends.

I saw Justin the other day. He smiled at me and thanked me for giving him good anesthesia. I couldn’t help notice that, despite the fact that he had lost forty pounds, he was still a handsome boy. It also occurred to me that the muscle flap that we had so laboriously placed, which had been threatened by his anaphylaxis, was functioning well. The low blood pressure and the medications we gave to treat that low blood pressure hadn’t killed the flap.

Justin had been lucky at last.